Friday, October 14, 2011

F-35 Ligthing II


America has been known from ancient times as a superpower and the advanced state aircraft maker.
uncle sam country that has a lot to create a remarkable aircraft fuselage. which had been so famous is f-16 aircraft, which until now other countries also fear grimace when I hear his voice.
after the aircraft f-16 fighter makes America a lot more powerful than f-16, including f-35 aircraft are now being designed to outperform f-16.

America the most advanced fighter aircraft, the F-35 Lightning II, when in the development stage, in January 2006. This is the latest fifth-generation fighter, the next generation after the fourth generation, the F-15, F-16, and F-18.

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10 the fastest fighter in the world Part 2

From 10 the fastest fighter in the world Part 1.

The following list of names is 10 (Ten) the fastest military aircraft ever. All represented at mach speed or the speed of sound units and each of the aircraft, piloted using a jet engine. Just so you know the speed of mach 1 is equivalent to 1225 km / h.

All aircraft listed below can travel at supersonic speed. Wear seat belts and prepare to fly!

6. F-111 Aardvark - Mach 2.5

F-111 Aardvark is perhaps best known for its design of the cockpit module is designed for two crew escape in emergencies. First designed the early 1960s by General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark, although it has a weird name, Aardvark is a strategic bomber that is widely used at that time.
First aired on December 21, 1964 and taken to join the military in July 1967. The purpose built F-111 is a remote interceptor for the U.S. Navy and Air Force bombers. But later, the plane is only beneficial to the Air Force because when assembled and ready to be inserted into the carrier deck of the Navy aircraft carrier, they are considered too heavy to use.

What is said now?

During the Vietnam War, F-111 the most widely used, but due to high operating costs, the plane was slowly retired. Today F-111 Aardvark is not used in the United States. United States Air Force stopped using the aircraft in 1998. In the U.S., you'll find the F-111 exhibited in various museums, including California, Illinois, Texas, Alabama, New York, Ohio, New Mexico, and many other places. Australia is still small enough to use a fleet of F-111C, but the country is planning to stop using it in late 2010 and replaced by the F-35.

7. F-15 Eagle - Mach 2.5

To replace the F-4 Phantom is already out of date, the U.S. Air Force looking for a sophisticated combat aircraft superior to the long-distance cruising ability. In 1965 a request was made, only seven years later, the plane had been flying for the first time and joined the military in 1979.
McDonnell Douglas, a company known as the maker Boeing, the airplane that has a large wing with remarkable agility for the size of the aircraft about 64 feet long and 42-foot wingspan. Although the aircraft is greater than the average size of most fighter aircraft, the use of titanium as well as jet engine compression is adjustable allowing the aircraft to reach speeds of Mach 2.5 in a short time. However, Eagle is only capable of driving around 1.78 mach when loaded weapon.
Of course like most aircraft, the F-15 Eagle has several series, including the F-15A and F-15D. New models are much more sophisticated, equipped with a radar top-of-the-line, new computers, and more.

What is said now?

Today, the F-15 Eagle is one of several planes on which is still used by U.S. forces, including National Guard and Air Force. Eagle is often regarded as one of the most successful aircraft ever made. This aircraft has more than 100 successful missions since its debut. Widely used in the Middle East conflict in the past. In the Iraq war and the missions for Operation Iraqi Freedom, the F-15 has proven to be a vital element for success in war. Outside the U.S., many countries decided to continue using the F-15. Including Japan, Israel, and Saudi Arabia.

8. MiG-31 Foxhound - Mach 2.83

The first flight debut on September 16, 1975, MiG-31 Foxhound was made to replace the MiG-25. His job intercept foreign aircraft with high-speed cruise missiles as well as frustrate and low-flying aircraft. Although similar to the MiG-25 Foxhound experiencing a major reshuffle. The aircraft made ​​larger than the MiG-25. Having the ability to fly at supersonic speed, even at low altitudes. The aircraft has also been given a new machine with large capacity and sophisticated radar tracking system that makes the Foxhound is much more reliable and efficient in his work.
Officially entered the military in 1983, gradually replacing the use of Foxhound MiG-25. About 400-500 units of MiG-31 was created for Russia and the Soviet Union.

What is said now?

Today, Russia, Kazakhstan, and immediately following the Syrian MiG-31 count. Russia has about 286 units used for military purposes, with an additional reserve of 100 units. Kazakhstan also has some of the Foxhounds, but many do not operate, but the country is planning to fix about 10 units that will use their Air Force. Syria does not have the Foxhounds, but they have ordered this plane.

9. MiG-25R Foxbat-B - Mach 3.2

In 1959, the Soviet Union focused on the creation of combat aircraft that can be used to intercept and surveillance activities at once.
Like several other Russian aircraft, the aircraft was created to compete with U.S. aircraft like the Lockheed SR-71 and the North American XB-70. In March 1964, the MiG-25R Foxbat and immediately make the first flight in 1969, signed legislation to allow testing of the aircraft with surveillance capabilities and tests conducted in 1970.

In 1972 the design refinement has been used by the Soviet Air Force. The aircraft is equipped with an automatic fire control system and a large radar system with look-down and shoot-down after 1980 when all MiG updated.

MiG-25R Foxbat also able to use the bombs to bomb stationary free fall from a height of 65,000 ft while flying at supersonic speed. There is also a system installed that allows the aircraft to drop 10 bombs at once!

What is said now?

Various countries around the world still using the MiG-25R. Places like Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Syria, Turkmenistan, Iran, and Algeria all have access to the plane. Of course, Russia as a major aircraft producers continue to use it. Approximately 39 units of MiG-25 units have been built. While some are still being flown, as others have dimuseumkan, including those in the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio.

10. SR-71 Blackbird – Mach 3.2+

Although first introduced in 1966, the SR-71 Blackbird is still manned reconnaissance aircraft was named the fastest until four decades later. Manufactured by Lockheed, the SR-71 was designed by Clarence "Kelly" Johnson eorang important figure in the history of aviation.Debuting on December 22, 1964, and started a career in the military in January 1966. SR-71 can fly at mach 3.2 even more. SR-71 is a U-2 reconnaissance aircraft are highly vulnerable to Soviet air defenses because of its speed and higher flying ability and equipped with the ability to escape.

In fact, this plane never crashed by an enemy, 12 units from 32 units ever built was destroyed in the crash. The aircraft was painted with paint new technology that allows difficult to track radar. The overall shape of the aircraft is also one of the first stealth aircraft technology.

What is said now?

Today you will not find a SR-71 flying among the clouds. Instead, you'll only find in a museum, or if you work for Lockheed in Palmdale, you'll find three of them locked in their warehouse hangar.

SR-71 was permanently retired in 1998 when Congress and the U.S. Air Force decided this aircraft is very expensive for the maintenance and operational costs. Although retired for the first time in 1991, Congress decided to turn back a small fleet to be used during the Cold War. Awesome upgrade for the aircraft, such as advanced radar systems and data links that can send images in real time, the SR-71 remained di'hanggar'kan in 1998 for good.

If you ever want to see traces of the greatness of the SR-71, you can find it in a variety of museum space as well as in the Air Force base in Tucson, Arizona; Edwards Air Force Base in California; Kalamazoo, Michigan; Eglin Air Force Base in Florida; as well as various museums in the California, England, Ashland, Nebraska, Ohio, Utah, and Virginia.

source:

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Thursday, October 13, 2011

10 the fastest fighter in the world Part 1

The following list of names is 10 (Ten) the fastest military aircraft ever. All represented at mach speed or the speed of sound units and each of the aircraft, piloted using a jet engine. Just so you know the speed of mach 1 is equivalent to 1225 km / h.

All aircraft listed below can travel at supersonic speed. Wear seat belts and prepare to fly!

1. F-14D Super Tomcat-Mach 2:34

If you ever watch Top Gun, you'll see the Tomcat, though perhaps one of the previous series. F-14D Tomcat, designed by Grumman, is clearly one of the fastest types of military aircraft.
Capable of reaching speeds at Mach 2.34, the plane was made in order to destroy enemy aircraft at night. While many aircraft are only allowed to fly in decent weather, the F-14D can fly and destroy in all kinds of conditions. Not only that, but can be attacked at night and in weather that is not too good, this aircraft is also capable of firing at once 6 targets at the same time. Tomcat is also great for detecting enemy aircraft from a distance of 100 miles.

Maiden flight on November 23, 1987 from page Calverton Grumman and the final prototype flew on February 9, 1990. F-14D Tomcat is the last series of the series F-14 F is upgraded with computer software that is much more reliable and sophisticated. However, Defense Secretary Dick Cheney assume the aircraft is not competitive enough to compete with today's modern technology and cancel the F-14 production in 2008.
What is said now?

On March 10, 2006, F-14D Tomcat retired from his service in the United States Navy. Earlier, on February 8, 2006 marked as the last date of these aircraft are used when engaged in combat in Iraq.

The aircraft was built as many as 712 units, but most of them now must be 'punished' with cruelty. Tomcat is still intact without much mechanical damage stored at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base. You will also find many models in different trajectories of air and space museum. But others deliberately destroyed so that Iran and other countries will not get access to spare part of this aircraft (reported 20 F-14 units are still operating in Iran, from a total of 44 units in total).

In 2007, 23 of 165 Tomcat accidentally destroyed. The cost of the destruction of the aircraft is right around $ 900,000, this is equivalent to approximately 42% of the total manufacturing cost of the F-14D Super Tomcat!.

2. MiG-23 Flogger - 2:35 Mach

MiG-23 Flogger built to replace the MiG-21 Fishbed before. Made with a more powerful engine and the wing sweep angle settings that can change variables such as speed, time of takeoff, and landing time.
Those who once flew with this plane saying that the Flogger is one of the best fighter aircraft ever made and relatively easy to fly.

Although used for the Russian defense and radar tracking system with infra-red, this aircraft was acquired by the U.S. and renamed the YF-113 with some changes.

Flogger is widely used by the Soviet Union and Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, East Germany, and some Warsaw Pact allies. Countries such as Cuba, North Korea, India, Egypt, Syria, and others also have the MiG-23S.

What is said now?

Although not used all that often in the past, the MiG-23 remains a fighter who is very popular in many countries. About 11,000 units of the MiG-23S is still flown by many air forces around the world, such as Angola, Ukraine, Sudan, Kazakhstan, and India. MiG-23S is also found in various museums, including Museum of the Great Patriotic War in Kiev and the Museum of Aviation in Belgrade.

3. Su-27 Flanker - 2:35 Mach

The Soviet Union created the Su-27 Flanker air supremacy to rival the U.S. with F-15 Eagle and F-16 Fighting Falcon him. Capable of flying at Mach 2.35, Flanker become the most formidable fighter in his day.
Final draft of the Su-27 finish on April 20, 1981. Flanker lots of record, including the speed of take-off and climb the highest in altitude. Although it is a project of Russia, other countries such as Vietnam and China is very interested in producing their own version of Flanker, but these costs are very attractive: $ 180 million!.

What is said now?

Today you will find the Su-27 Flankers and still keep flying military use. Although the Soviet Union has become history, Russia still has 449 active aircraft, Belarus has 19 units and 74 units of Ukraine. In addition to these countries, the U.S., Ethiopia, Indonesia and other countries also have some of these aircraft. Currently, the aircraft is sold at a price of about $ 5 million. Interested!

4. F-14 Tomcat - 2:37 Mach

The U.S. Navy is looking for a long-term fighter and Grumman has the answer: F-14. Equipped with wing angle settings can be changed and a large fuel capacity, this aircraft is topnotch. With the ability to fire missiles at enemy aircraft from more than 100 miles, to be very useful to protect the mother ship that was attacked from the air.
After the Soviet Union disbanded in the 1990s, the aircraft was lowered ability only to a limited ground attack capabilities previously installed and are no longer needed. Today the F14 has been replaced by the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet because of rising maintenance costs.

What is said now?

F-14D Tomcat was retired on September 22, 1996. Last military mission in Iraq is dropping bombs on February 8, the same year. Because the cost to build and maintain the F-14 was too expensive, the creation of any new F-14 has been discontinued, and the tomcat which still operates slowly lowered from the air. In the U.S., you will not find the F-14 aircraft flying or against foreigners. Instead, you will often find them in museums.

Although none of the F-14 that flew in the U.S. again, the Iranian Air Force still have it when the U.S. donated to them in 1976. So Iran is the only country besides the U.S. are using this plane.

5. Su-24 Fencer - Mach 2.4

Su-24 Fencer is a Soviet-made aircraft that was originally intended to rival the U.S. F-111. However Fencer prove that he is much better, much faster, smaller, lighter, and more powerful than the F-111. In fact, Fencer often referred to as a most dangerous aircraft ever had in the Soviet Union.
The advantages of this aircraft is that it is capable of reaching Mach 2.4 at low altitude, while not many planes are able to do so. It takes a certain height to be able to fly at supersonic speeds. Fencer is also equipped with a laser-designators missiles that have a better accuracy. This technology along with very strong radar makes Fencer. Despite its maiden flight on July 2, 1967, Fencer formally introduced to the military in 1974.

What is said now?

Su-24 Fencers built 1,400 units. The aircraft is still used by Russian and Ukrainian Air Force Air Force. The aircraft was used in 2008 during the conflict in Georgia. Apart from the two countries, places like Iran, Algeria, Iraq, Libya, Belarus, and many other countries still use the aircraft for their military.

To Be Continue...


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Tips To Find Cheap Airline Tickets


Traveling by airplane, nowadays is a major transportation option for some people, whether it be for business, vacation or going home. Effective, fast and efficient, time could be a reason for them to use the services of the aircraft even though the price of airline tickets are more expensive than other transportation costs. For those of you who want to buy plane tickets at cheap prices, there are few quick tips that can be used.

- Order an airline ticket far in advance before the day of H. eg 2 months before departure, let alone for the holidays and the eve of homecoming

- Diligent checking flights online at the airline site you want to use. more simple if you want to contact your travel agent or airline ticket sale that is closest to tell if cheap fares again.

Similarly, these quick tips may be useful

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Free Plane Tickets To Japan


To increase tourist arrivals to the country of Japan, Japan's tourism agency offers free airfare for 10,000 foreign nationals. This program is a special place because of declining foreign tourists to Japan after the earthquake and tsunami of March 11, 2011 that triggered explosions and entirely Daiici reactor in Fukushima area.

This program only offers a free ticket only, whereas for accommodation and meal costs, borne by the tourists themselves. These activities will be conducted in April 2012, pending approval from the government.

According to data from the Japanese Tourism Board, tourist arrivals to Japan has decreased 50 percent from a year earlier. With this free ticket program can restore the Japanese Industrial Pariwista as usual.

To get tickets, Japan Tourism Agency uses the online application. The condition is that the applicants must explain in detail, which areas they want to visit. Then the Japan Tourism Agency will select the applicants who are eligible to get free airline tickets, and the selected applicants are obliged to write about their trip in Japan to be published via the Internet.

So just try apply from now, who knows could be a trip to Japan


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Saturday, October 8, 2011

Indonesian Plane Falling Much


Indonesia first time there is no aerospace Habibie could make airplanes, and lastly there cn235 Habibie create cn 250 aircraft that have not been completed until now due to lack of funding constraints. if many generations of the future generation who continue promoting the struggle of Habibie's Indonesian nation may already be a great aircraft manufacturers and famous.
more terrible again and make
in Indonesia were already frequent presence of news about Boeing aircraft dropped a lot of killing the passenger, including:

The first:
accidents in the month of September alone there are several Cassa 212-200 planes owned airline PT. Buana Nusantara Water (NBA) in the forest Bahorok, Langkat. which led to 18 who died.
the second:
Cassa 212-100 aircraft operator's Sabang Merauke Raya Air Charter had an accident in the area of ​​Tanjung rafting, Bintan regency. This is because there is a broken machine.
The third: MA-60 aircraft owned by Merpati Nusantara Airlines crashed in the Gulf of Kaimana, West Papua is because the machine errors are also
and the fourth and so on until the year 2011 is still a lot of planes in Indonesia is increasingly plane can not be trusted.
we learn from experience and they should be the next generation in Indonesia it was time to show their ability in making aircraft that only too well the quality, and not only in physical form only a qualified and professional management should also form a great and professional.

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Inventors Theory, Factors and Methods Habibie (Aircraft Technology)


The outer shell may look silky smooth flawless. But who knows, the inside porous. This uncertainty facing the aircraft industry until 40 years ago. Users and manufacturers alike do not know exactly, the extent to which body aircraft still operate reliably. Consequently it can be fatal. In the early 1960s, the accident aircraft still often occurs because of damage to construction that is not detected. Tiredness (fatigue) on the body is still difficult to detect with the limited tools. There is not a laser scanner with a sensor-supported computer data processing unit, to address this sensitive issue.

Fatigue critical points are usually on the connection between the wing and fuselage or the wings and engine cradle. This element is having a nervous loud and constantly, either when his takeoff and landing. When taking off, the joints receiving the air pressure (uplift) is large. When it touched down, this section also bear the violent crushing of the fuselage. Metal fatigue occurs, and that was the beginning of the cracks (crack).

Point vines, sometimes ranging in size from 0.005 millimeter continue to propagate. Becoming increasingly elongated and branched. If not detected, the stakes are expensive, because the wing can suddenly broken when the plane took off. Aviation course very concerned, especially when the same machines began to change from propeller planes to jets. The greater the potential fatigue.

That's when a young boy genius who appears to try to offer solutions. He was only 32 years. Posture small but very energetic demeanor. He is Dr. Ing. Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, a man born in Pare-Pare, South Sulawesi, on June 25, 1936.

Habibie, who later discover how it works crack propagation point. The calculations are quite detailed, until the count of atoms. By the aviation world, the theory of Habibie was then called the crack progression. From here dubbed as Mr. Habibie. Crack. Of course, this theory makes the aircraft safer. Not only can avoid the risk of plane crashes, but also makes maintenance easier and cheaper.

Before the point of crack can be detected early, the engineers appear to anticipate the possibility of a rift construction by raising safety factor (SF). How, to increase the strength of construction materials far above the theoretical requirement. As a result, heavier materials needed. For aircraft, combined with steel aluminum material. But after the point of crack can be calculated then the degree of SF can be lowered. For example, by selecting a mixture of materials wings and a lighter airframe. The portion of reduced steel, aluminum increasingly dominant in the body of the aircraft. In the world of aviation, this breakthrough is famous as the factor Habibie.

Habibie factors could relieve the operating empty weight (without heavy passenger aircraft weight and fuel) to 10% from the previous weight. Even this figure could drop to 25% after Habibie composite materials slipped into the fuselage. However, this weight reduction could not make the maximum take off weight of his (the total weight of passengers and aircraft plus fuel) come degenerate. That way, in general haulage and power increased aircraft cruising farther. So economically, aircraft performance can be improved.

Habibie factor was also instrumental in the development of merging technology airframe parts per part. So that the cylindrical fuselage connection with the oval side wings capable of withstanding air pressure during takeoff body. So also in connection with the landing gear fuselage is much more robust, so able to withstand the load when the plane landed. Factors that jet engine to add the potential for fatigue to be down.

Habibie scientific history began when he received a scholarship from the government to study at the Technische Hochschule Facultaet Die Fue Maschinenwesen, Aachen, Germany, in 1956. For a year earlier, Habibie was listed as a student of ITB. After pocketing his diploma majoring in aircraft construction Ingenieur, 1960, while continuing his studies, he became assistant Sciences Research Institute of Light Construction on campus.

Brain Habibie seems more watery when Ingenieur his doctor's degree with honors disabet suma cum laude in 1965. The average value of his courses 10. Presatsi is believed to be made head of the Department of Research and Development of Structure Analysis on the Hamburger Flugzeugbau (HFB). Its main task is to solve the problem of stability of the construction of the back of the Fokker 28 aircraft. Fabulous, just within a period of six months, the problem was solved by Habibie.

He earned the trust more prestigious, which is designing a whole new plane. One of the fruits of his work is the prototype of DO-31, propeller aircraft capable of fixed first takeoff and land vertically, which was developed with industry Donier HFB. The design was then purchased by Aviation and Space Agency (NASA).

Habibie only until the year 1969 alone in the HFB, as glimpsed by the Messerschmitt Boelkow Blohm GmbH (MBB), the industry's biggest aircraft, based in Hamburg. In this new place, Habibie's career skyrocketed. Position Vice President / Director of Technology MBB disabetnya 1974. Only Habibie, people outside the German nationality who is able to occupy the second highest position.

In this place also Habibie to formulate the original in the field of thermodynamics, lightweight construction, aerodynamic and crack progression. In aeronautical literature, the findings of Habibie was then known as the Theory of Habibie, Habibie Factors and Methods Habibie. Patents from all the findings it has been recognized and used by international aviation.

Airbus A-300 produced by a European consortium (European Aeronautic Defence and Space) could not be separated from contact with Habibie. It's known in this consortium joined Daimler, Mercedes-Benz manufacturer, which acquired the MBB. So that Habibie is entitled to royalties from the technologies used in wide-bodied aircraft that. Apart from Airbus, Habibie also received royalties from rocket manufacturers in many countries, which use a lot of light construction technology.

In 1978, Habibie called back to the country by President Soeharto and has since then actively in the efforts of aerospace technology development in Indonesia, among other results are made in Indonesia's first aircraft CN-235 and N-250.

Habibie scientific achievements gained recognition in the international world. He became an honorary member of various institutions in the field of aerospace. Among others in Gesselschaft fuer Luft und Raumfahrt (Institute of Aviation and Aerospace) of Germany, The Royal Aeronautical Society, London (England), The Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences (Sweden), the Academie Nationale de l'Air et de l'Espace ( France) and The U.S. Academy of Engineering (United States). Meanwhile, in the form of awards, Habibie received von Karman Award (1992) are in the field of aerospace arguably prestige is almost equivalent to the Nobel Prize. And two years later received a prestigious award that is not less, namely Edward Warner Award. (Hidayat Gunadi, Hatim Ilwan)

Sources: Magazine Gatra Ed. Special, August 2004.

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The Third President Of The Republic Of Indonesia



The third President of the Republic of Indonesia, Jusuf Habibie Bacharuddin born in Pare-Pare, South Sulawesi, on June 25, 1936.
He is the fourth child of eight children, spouse Alwi Abdul Jalil Habibie and RA. Tuti Marini Puspowardojo. Habibie, who is married to Hasri Ainun Habibie on May 12, 1962 was blessed with two sons namely Ilham Akbar and Thareq Kemal. . Habibie's childhood passed with his brothers in Pare-Pare, South Sulawesi. Firmly adhered to the principle of nature has been shown Habibie since childhood. Habibie, who had a penchant to ride this horse, losing his father who passed away on 3 September 1950 of a heart attack. Shortly after his father dies, Habibie moved to Bandung to study at Gouvernments Middlebare School. In high school, he began to look outstanding achievements, especially in the exact sciences lessons. Habibie, became a favorite figure in her school. . After graduating from high school in Bandung in 1954, he entered the University of Indonesia in Bandung (ITB now). He received his diploma from the Technische Hochschule, Germany in 1960 who later earned a doctorate from the same place in 1965. Habibie was married in 1962, and have two children. In 1967, became honorary professor (Professor) at the Institut Teknologi Bandung. Habibie steps much admired, full of controversy, many admirers but not a few who do not agree with him. Each time, winning the prestigious Theodore Van Karman Award, was returning from the "habitat" of his German, he always made the news. Habibie's only a year studying at ITB Bandung, 10 years of college until my doctorate aircraft construction in Germany with Summa Cum laude predicate. Then worked in the aircraft industry leading MBB Gmbh Germany, prior to the call of President Suharto to return to Indonesia. In Indonesia, Habibie was 20 years served as Minister of State Research and Technology / Head of BPPT, leading 10 state-owned company of Strategic Industries, the Assembly elected a Vice President, and sworn in by Chief Justice to replace President Suharto. Suharto handed the presidency to Habibie under Article 8 of the 1945 Constitution. Until finally forced Habibie also stepped down due to a referendum in East Timor voted for independence. MPR accountability speech was rejected. He went back to ordinary citizens, also emigrated settled back to Germany.
Most of his work in calculating and designing several aircraft manufacturing project:
* VTOL (Vertical Take Off & Landing) DO-31 Transport Aircraft.
* Military Transport Aircraft C-130 Transall.
* Hansa Jet 320 (Aircraft Executive).
* Airbus A-300 (to 300 passengers)
* CN - 235 * N-250
* and indirectly participated in the count and design:
* BO-105 helicopter.
· Multi Role Combat Aircraft (MRCA).

• Some projects missiles and satellites. Some Signs Services / her honor:
* 1976 - 1998 Director of PT.
Nusantara Aircraft Industry / IPTN.
* 1978 - 1998 Minister of State for Research and Technology Republic of Indonesia.

* Chairman of the Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology / BPPT
* 1978 - 1998 Director of PT.
PAL Indonesia (Persero).
* 1978 - 1998 Chairman of the Industrial Development Authority Batam Island / Opdip Batam.
* 1980 - 1998 Chairman of the Defense Industrial Security Development Team (Presidential Decree. 40, 1980)
* 1983 to 1998 Managing Director, PT Pindad (Persero).
* 1988 - 1998 Deputy Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Strategic Industries.
* 1989 - 1998 Chairman of the Management Board of Strategic Industries / BPIS.

* 1990 - 1998 Chairman of the Association of Muslim Scholars se-lndonesia/lCMI.
* 1993 Daily Presidium Coordinator, Board of Trustees of Golkar.
* 10 March to 20 May 1998 Vice-President of the Republic of Indonesia
* May 21, 1998 - October 1999 President of the Republic of Indonesia

Sources: http://www.2lisan.com/960/biografi-bj-habibie/

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Russian Aircraft Increasingly Sophisticated


This bit of history about the state-owned su 7 russia with developments on the plane flight over the years increasingly sophisticated

Sukhoi Su-7 is a single seat attack aircraft that old standard tactical fighter-bomber with the Soviet Air Force.
Development of the Su-7 began in early 1950. The first prototype, called S-1 "Strela" made its first flight in 1955. Su-7 was unveiled to the West on the screen 1956 Soviet Aviation Day in Tushino airport outside Moscow. The prototype came out very promising and Su-7 into production a few years later, with modifications including the Su-7B and Su-7BKL. Aircraft exported to Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, China and other countries.

Su-7 is equipped with two 30mm NR-30 guns in wing roots, each with 70 rounds. Under wing-mast allow two 742 kg or 495 kg bombs or rocket pods of two. Wing mid-to low-mounted (wings are mounted below the center plane) with wide wing roots, swept-back, and tapered with blunt tips. There is one machine in the body. There is a circular air intake in the nose and exhaust, a single large. The aircraft is a body, a long tube with a blunt nose and rear. There is a canopy, a large bubble. The tail is swept-back and has a tapered tail fin with blunt tip. It has swept back and tapered flats to low-mid mounted on the aircraft.

On May 14, 1953, on orders from the MDI No. 223, PO Sukhoi was appointed to replace VV Kondratyev as Chief Designer of OKB-1 design bureau, which had been founded the year before to copy the U.S. F-86 "Sabre" fighter. With MAI Order No. 135 of October 26, 1953, the OKB-1 design bureau was assigned a branch plant No. 155 (former plant MAI No 51) for use as production facilities.

In November 1949, a resolution canceling the Design Bureau, are not raised until May 1953, when it was founded with a new production facility. Design Bureau got a new lease on life with the advent of supersonic jet flight. That's why large projects the design team at an early stage is a supersonic fighter S-1 and T-3. In the summer of 1953, the Design Bureau was involved in designing supersonic fighters in two configurations: swept and delta wing (called the letter "S" and "T" respectively, the letter "T" indicates treugolonyi wings, or delta-shaped). Officially, the go-ahead for the job given by the government's decision August 5, 1953. S-1 provided a platform for the family of fighter-bombers, Su-7 and Su-17, and more than 20 versions of them, with Su-17 became the first Soviet aircraft with variable sweep wings.

Conceptual design for a front line fighter wing sweep (version S-1) pass through the preliminary design review in November 1953, and a mock-up committee to review in February 1954. Six months later, in August 1954, swept-wing fighter / interceptor (S-3) also passed the design review, but it works on a version that was stopped shortly thereafter.

The design of the plane S-1 and the system incorporates numerous innovations: a wing with 60 º sweep ¼ bisecant line, all the moving CS, adjustable nose axial air intake, new high-performance AL-7F turbojets (developed by the design bureau OKB -165) with power projected afterburning thrust of 10,000 kg, with a hydraulic system operating pressure of 210 kg / cm ², power control systems, dual-chamber booster, seat-ejection proprietary design, and other features.

The prototype was built in June 1955, and sent to the FRI on the night of July 15. S-1 flight-test team of leading engineers led by VP Baluyev. AG Kochetkov from GNIKI appointed as a leading test pilot under an agreement with the Air Force as a Design Bureau is not in-house pilots who have not. On July 27 conducted the first gliding flight, with its inaugural flight took place on September 7, 1955. The first phase of testing is done using the engine manufacturer AL-7 (ie, without afterburning AL-7F) and was completed in January 1956, a total of 11 flights that have been done. Beginning in March 1956, the VN test GNIKI Makhalin continue S-1 testing with the AL-7F operational.

At that time, the Design Bureau OKB-155 (AI Mikoyan General Designer) has begun testing the first prototype of the future of the MiG-21. MAI leadership, in an effort to showcase the new aircraft from the high country, secretly encouraging competition between the two design bureaus. The first is to "create" is the Sukhoi Design Bureau PO: on June 9, S-1 flight test record the speed of 2070 kilometers per hour flight, which 270kph higher than the performance requirement (PR)! As a result, a government decree June 11, 1956, ahead of the government testing, putting the plane into small-batch production at the plant No 126 in Komsomolsk-on-Amur under the designation Su-7. On June 24, 1956, together with other new aircraft from the Soviet aviation, S-1 publicly unveiled on the traditional air display at Tushino. Construction of the second prototype, S-2, was completed in fall 1956, with flight testing beginning in October.

Formal testing of the Su-7 began in September 1956 and continued, on and off, until December 1958. The main problem is that performance is very unreliable engines AL-7F. This is specifically the cause writeoff of the first prototype on 23 November 1957 and resulted in the death of Air Force pilot GNIKI IN Sokolov. As a result, AL-7F Su-7 variants have a limited production run, has been recommended for garments aircraft with upgraded versions of the machine, AL-7F-1. Su-7 fighter front line produced from 1957 to 1960, with a total of 132 aircraft manufactured (production runs from 1 to 12). The first series Su-7 put into operational service in the summer of 1959 with combat regiment stationed at the aerodrome Vozdvizhenka. In 1959-60, the regiment was used for testing aircraft services. Su-7 fighters in service with the Soviet Air Force and the ADF in the Far East until 1965.

A Su-7B fighter-based two-seat trainer aircraft developed by the Bureau of Design in 1962, but by using a branch-based Design Bureau in the production plant Komsomolsk-on-Amur to build it, it took a long time to finish: The first prototype aircraft, U22- 1, no flight-tested until October 25, 1965, with trial design agency Ye.K. Kukushev in control. Manufacturer of aircraft test was conducted under a tight schedule, in just two months, with the official test was completed in May 1966. Two-seat Su-7U trainer produced from 1966 to 1972, with an export version, the Su-7UMK, produced during the same period. Interestingly, Su-7Us sent not only to the Air Force regiment armed with the Su-7, but also for the ADF unit with the Su-9 and Su-15 interceptors in the inventory, as the unit of the latter often suffer from a shortage of two-seaters like the Su-9U and Su-15UT.

A total of 1847 Su-7-type aircraft of all versions and variants created during the production period, with 691 aircraft exported to 9 countries. Su-7B aircraft types that are stored in the Air Force inventory of the Soviet Union until the mid-'80s, with up to 25 fighter-bomber aviation combat unit (FBA) is equipped with the aircraft during the peak period in the late '60 deployment - the early '70s. Beginning in 1977, Su-7Bs to be phased out in the regiment FBA with Su-17 aircraft and MiG-27. Fri Design Bureau and Su-7B used to try some flying laboratory, namely:. 100LDU developed the Su-7U platform to test the system for remote control of T-4 ("100") missile carrier and the Su -27 fighter, and FL for the testing of new Su-7U-based rescue aids.

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Development Of Su-11 Russia Figther


The prototype flew two of the fighter Su-9k front line (the so-called "double") is labeled "LK" (Su-11); construction began in September 1946. In terms of the basic design of equipment, assemblies and weaponry, Su-11 did not differ much from the Su-9, with the exception of the brake flap (they are not present).

Wind tunnel model studies performed using a validated facility CAHI assumption that performance can be increased subject to aviation aircraft engine nacelle on the profile is modified from the original configuration, with the engine suspended below the wing, in a symmetrical arrangement, "flush" with wings. Initially set to double up-rated RD-10 engine, but in mid-December it was decided to replace their Soviet-made TR-1 turbojet designed by AM Lyulka.

Official authorization to develop a version of the TR-1 engine is given in the USSR CM resolution in March, 11 1947 which was passed in 1947 a prototype aircraft development plans. In April 1947 the assembly is completed, and on May 11 planes were taken to the MAI FRI airfield, a team of test personnel, with pilot and engineer of GM's senior VP Shiyanov Baluyev between them, begins flight testing. On May 28, 1947 Su-11 aircraft taken from the ground for its maiden flight. Factory tests, combined with the TR-1 engine tests, completed on April 15, 1948.

Flight test report the manufacturer says that:

"1. The FP basis of the Su-11. With two TR-1 obtained during factory testing, is within design parameters.

2. Because there is no TR-1A engines available and recommendations for improving the behavior CAHI aircraft in high-speed Mach numbers because it failed to produce significant effects, we find it impractical to continue the R & D work on the aircraft. "

As a result, since April 29, 1948, Su-11 was officially deactivated.

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